History in General

Events and epochs prior to the First World War, and after that anything that does not fit into any particular category of the era of the world wars or the post-WWII and cold war era. This does also include the subcategory of U.S. history, if the events dealt with do not fit in any of the other categories or is of special interest, like the U.S. Civil War or 9/11 and its aftermath.

Faces of the Enemy

Faces of the Enemy: Reflections of the Hostile Imagination, by Sam Keen. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986. Hb., 199 pp., illustrated, $19.45; ISBN 0-06-250471-1. (Pb., 1988, illustrated, $12.95; ISBN 0-06-250467-3.) Faces of the Enemy is a collection of over three hundred political cartoons, posters and artwork showing how enemies have been depicted in twentieth…

The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588

The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588 by Felipe Fernandez-Artnesto. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, hardbound, 300 pages, index, illustrations, $22.95. ISBN: 0-19-822926-7. For over four hundred years, the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 has been celebrated by the English as a glorious God-sent victory in which the Protestant David…

The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare

The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare, by John Keegan. New York: Viking, 1989, hardbound, 292 pages, index, photographs, $21.95. ISBN:0-670-81416-4. Since the publication of his book The Face of Battle (1976), which skillfully blended letters, diaries and reminiscences of those actually present at the battles of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme to…

On Propaganda in America

Far more important to Europe than the propaganda about domestic affairs in America is that about foreign affairs. The numen “democracy” is used also in this realm as the essence of reality. A foreign development sought to be brought about is called “spreading democracy”; a development sought to be hindered is “against democracy,” or “fascistic.”…

The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century

The Second Oldest Profession: Spies and Spying in the Twentieth Century, by Phillip Knightley. New York: Penguin Books edition, 1988; xii, 436 pp., photographs and index, $7.95, ISBN 0-14-010655-3. People over-impressed by spies and espionage are fond of quoting the observation attributed to Napoleon that a spy “in the right place” is worth 20,000 soldiers…

Death and Rebirth: European Politial Observations

Concerning constitutions, Montesquieu wrote in volume IX of his work Esprit des lois: “Some…have as their purpose…the gorification of the State ( “la gloire de 1'état” ), others the political freedom of the citizen.” If an unbiased observer studies those nations of the world which have succeeded in retaining their political sovereignty to this day,…

Taking Sides: America’s Secret Relations with a Militant Israel

Taking Sides: America's Secret Relations with a Militant Israel, by Stephen Green. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1984. This excellent, heavily-documented and footnoted book should indeed, as the blurb on the inside dust-jacket promises, “cause major reassessments in the published literature in this field, at least as far as mainstream sources are concerned.” Mr….

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